မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ
မိူင်းၸွမ်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ ပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ Rzeczpospolita Polska (Polish) | |||||
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| ၽဵင်းၸိူဝ်ႉၸၢတ်ႈ: "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" ("Poland Is Not Yet Lost") | |||||
.svg)  ဢွင်ႈတီႈ မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ (dark green) – ၼႂ်း လိုမ်ယူးရူပ်ႉ (green လႄႈ dark grey) | |||||
| ဝဵင်းလူင် and largest city | Warsaw 52°13′N 21°02′E / 52.217°N 21.033°E | ||||
| Official language | Polish[1] | ||||
| ၸုမ်းၸၢဝ်းၶိူဝ်း (2021)[2] |
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| သႃႇသၼႃႇ (2021[3]) |
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| ၵူၼ်းၶိူဝ်းငဝ်ႈမိူင်း |
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| လူင်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ | Unitary semi-presidential republic[9] | ||||
| Andrzej Duda | |||||
| Donald Tusk | |||||
| ၸုမ်းသၢင်ႈၵူတ်းမၢႆ | Parliament | ||||
| Senate | |||||
| Sejm | |||||
| Formation | |||||
| c. 960 | |||||
| 14 April 966 | |||||
| 18 April 1025 | |||||
| 1 July 1569 | |||||
| 11 November 1918 | |||||
| 17 September 1939 | |||||
| 22 July 1944 | |||||
| 31 December 1989[11] | |||||
| လႅၼ်တီႈ | |||||
• ႁူမ်ႈလေႃး | 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi)[13][14] (69th) | ||||
• ၼမ်ႉ (%) | 1.48 (2015)[12] | ||||
| ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်းမိူင်း | |||||
• 2022 census |  38,036,118[15] (38th) | ||||
• Density | 122/km2 (316.0/sq mi) (75th) | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate | ||||
• ႁူမ်ႈလေႃး |  $1.890 trillion[16] (20th) | ||||
• Per capita | $51,628[16] (39th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate | ||||
• ႁူမ်ႈလေႃး | $862.908 billion[16] (21st) | ||||
• Per capita | $23,563[16] (45th) | ||||
| Gini (2022) |  26.3[17]low inequality | ||||
| HDI (2022) | 0.881[18] very high (36th) | ||||
| ယူင်ႉငိုၼ်းတွင်း | Złoty (PLN) | ||||
| ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈၶၢဝ်းယၢမ်း | UTC+1 (CET) | ||||
• ၶၢဝ်းမႆႈ (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) | ||||
| ပိူင်ဝၼ်းထိ | dd.mm.yyyy (CE) | ||||
| ပိူင်ႁေႃႈလူတ်ႉ | Right | ||||
| ၶူတ်ႉႁွင်ႉၽူၼ်း | +48 | ||||
| ဢိၼ်ႇထႃႇၼႅတ်ႉ TLD | .pl[a] | ||||
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မၢႆတွင်း
[မႄးထတ်း | မႄးထတ်းငဝ်ႈငႃႇ]- ↑ Multiple national identity was available in the census.
- ↑ "The dukes (dux) were originally the commanders of an armed retinue (drużyna) with which they broke the authority of the chieftains of the clans, thus transforming the original tribal organisation into a territorial unit."[10]
- ↑ "Mieszko accepted Roman Catholicism via Bohemia in 966. A missionary bishopric directly dependent on the papacy was established in Poznań. This was the true beginning of Polish history, for Christianity was a carrier of Western civilisation with which Poland was henceforth associated."[10]
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
[မႄးထတ်း | မႄးထတ်းငဝ်ႈငႃႇ]- ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Article 27.
- ↑ "National Population and Housing Census 2021 Population. Size and demographic-social structure in the light of the 2021 Census results" (in English).
- ↑ "Final results of the National Population and Housing Census 2021". Statistics Poland.
- ↑ "Poland 1997 (rev. 2009)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ↑ Veser, Ernst [in German] (23 September 1997). "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model" (PDF). Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cologne, zh. pp. 39–60. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard, he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
- ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns". Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. Archived 19 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics 3 (3): 323–351. doi:. “Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to Parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.”
- ↑ McMenamin, Iain. "Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland" (PDF). School of Law and Government, Dublin City University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ↑ [4][5][6][7][8]
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Poland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2023. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ↑ "The Act of December 29, 1989 amending the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic". Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020. Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
- ↑ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ↑ GUS. "Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2023 roku". Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ↑ "Poland country profile". BBC News. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ↑ "Statistical Bulletin No 11/2022". Statistics Poland. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Poland)". International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
- ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.